Te whakarōpūtanga o te pūngao o te rā

Paewhiri rā silicon karaihe kotahi

Ko te pai o te hurihanga hikohiko o ngā panera rā silicon monocrystalline e tata ana ki te 15%, ā, ko te mea teitei rawa atu e eke ana ki te 24%, koinei te mea teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā momo panera rā katoa. Heoi, he tino nui te utu whakaputa, nō reira kāore i te whānui te whakamahinga. Nā te mea he mea kapi te silicon monocrystalline i te nuinga o te wā ki te karāhe pakari me te kapia ātete wai, he pakari, he roa hoki te ora, tae atu ki te 15 tau, tae atu ki te 25 tau.

Ngā panera rā polycrystalline

He rite te tukanga whakaputa o ngā panera rā polysilicon ki ērā o ngā panera rā monocrystalline silicon, engari kua tino heke te pai o te hurihanga hiko o ngā panera rā polysilicon, ā, ko tōna pai o te hurihanga hiko he tata ki te 12% (ko ngā panera rā polysilicon te pai rawa atu o te ao me te pai o te 14.8% i whakarārangihia e Sharp i Hapani i te 1 o Hūrae, 2004).Mō te utu whakaputa, he iti ake te utu i te panera rā silicon monocrystalline, he māmā te hanga i te rauemi, he penapena hiko, ā, he iti te utu whakaputa katoa, nō reira he maha ngā mea kua whakawhanakehia. Hei tāpiri, he poto ake te roa o te ora o ngā panera rā polysilicon i ērā monocrystalline. Mō te mahi me te utu, he pai ake te ahua o ngā panera rā silicon monocrystalline.

Ngā papa rā silicon kore āhua

Ko te panera rā silicon amorphous he momo panera rā kiriata-angiangi hou i puta mai i te tau 1976. He rerekē rawa atu i te tikanga hanga o te panera rā silicon monocrystalline me te panera rā silicon polycrystalline. He tino māmā ake te tukanga hangarau, ā, he iti ake te whakamahinga rauemi silicon me te iti ake o te whakamahinga hiko. Heoi, ko te raru matua o ngā panera rā silicon amorphous ko te iti o te whai huatanga hurihanga hiko whakaahua, ko te taumata matatau o te ao he tata ki te 10%, ā, kāore i te tino pumau. I te roanga o te wā, ka heke te whai huatanga hurihanga.

Ngā panera rā maha-pūhui

Ko ngā panera rā maha-pūhui he panera rā kāore i hangaia ki te rauemi haurua-waenga kotahi te huānga. He maha ngā momo e akohia ana i roto i ngā whenua maha, ko te nuinga kāore anō kia whakawhanakehia, tae atu ki ēnei e whai ake nei:
A) ngā panera rā cadmium sulfide
B) ngā panera rā gallium arsenide
C) Ngā panera rā parahi iniuma selenium

Mara tono

1. Tuatahi, te tuku hiko o te rā ki te kaiwhakamahi
(1) He pūnaha hiko iti kei waenganui i te 10-100W, e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi tūmatanui kāore he hiko pērā i te mania, i ngā moutere, i ngā wāhi ahuwhenua, i ngā pou rohe me ētahi atu hiko mō te oranga hōia me te oranga tangata whenua, pērā i te rama, te pouaka whakaata, te reo irirangi, me ētahi atu; (2) He pūnaha whakaputa hiko e hono ana ki te tuanui whānau 3-5KW; (3) He papu wai photovoltaic: hei whakaoti i te inu wai hohonu me te whakamakuku i ngā wāhi kāore he hiko.

2. Te kawe waka
Pērā i ngā rama whakatere, ngā rama tohu waka/terewe, ngā rama whakatūpato/tohu waka, ngā rama tiriti, ngā rama arai i te teitei, ngā whare waea ahokore o te huarahi/terewe, te pūhiko hiko akomanga rori kāore he kaitiaki, me ētahi atu.

3. Mara whakawhitiwhiti kōrero/whakawhitiwhiti kōrero
Teihana whakawhiti ngaruiti pūngao-rā, teihana tiaki taura whatu, pūnaha hiko pāho/whakawhitiwhiti kōrero/whakaahua whārangi; pūnaha hiko whakaahua waea kawe whenua, mīhini whakawhitiwhiti kōrero iti, pūhiko GPS mō ngā hōia, me ētahi atu.

4. Ngā mara hinu, moana me te huarere
Pūnaha tuku hiko rā tiaki katorika mō te paipa hinu me te keti puna wai, te tuku hiko ora me te ohorere mō te papa keri hinu, ngā taputapu tirotiro moana, ngā taputapu tirotiro huarere/wai, me ētahi atu.

5. E rima, ngā rama me ngā rākau whānau e tuku hiko ana
Pērā i te rama māra rā, te rama tiriti, te rama ringaringa, te rama puni, te rama hikoi, te rama hī ika, te rama pango, te rama kāpia, te rama penapena hiko me ērā atu.

6. Teihana hiko photovoltaic
Teihana hiko photovoltaic motuhake 10KW-50MW, te teihana hiko tautoko hiko hau (wahie), ngā teihana utu nui o ngā whare waka, me ētahi atu.

Whitu, ngā whare pūngao rā
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te whakaputa hiko o te rā me ngā rauemi hanga whare ka taea e ngā whare nunui o āpōpō te whakatutuki i te mana motuhake ki te hiko, he huarahi whanaketanga nui tēnei ā muri ake nei.

VIII. Ko ētahi atu wāhi ko
(1) Ngā waka tautoko: ngā motuka pūngao rā/ngā motuka hiko, ngā taputapu utu pākahiko, ngā hauhautanga motuka, ngā pā hauhautanga, ngā pouaka inu matao, me ētahi atu; (2) te pūnaha whakaputa hauwai pūngao rā me te pūnaha whakaputa hiko whakaora pūtau wahie; (3) Te pūtake hiko mō ngā taputapu tango tote wai moana; (4) Ngā amiorangi, ngā waka mokowhiti, ngā teihana hiko pūngao rā mō te wāhi mokowhiti, me ētahi atu.